Making a global gas market : territoriality and production networks in liquefied natural gas\ud

摘要

Energy markets are an important contemporary site of economic globalization. In this paper we use a global production network (GPN) approach to examine the evolutionary dynamics of the liquefied natural gas (LNG) sector and its role in an emerging global market for natural gas. We extend recent work in the relational economic geography literature on the organizational practices by which production networks are assembled and sustained over time and space; and we address a significantly underdeveloped aspect of GPN research by demonstrating the implications of these practices for the territoriality of global production networks. The paper introduces LNG as a techno-material reconfiguration of natural gas that enables it to be moved and sold beyond the continental limits of pipelines. We briefly outline the evolving scale and geographical scope of LNG trade, and introduce the network of firms, extra-economic actors and intermediaries through which LNG production, distribution and marketing are coordinated. Our analysis shows how LNG is evolving from a relatively simple ‘floating pipeline’ model of point-to-point, bi-national flows orchestrated by producing and consuming companies and governed by long-term contracts, to a more geographical and organizationally complex production network that is constitutive of an emergent global gas market. Empirically the paper provides the first systematic analysis within economic geography of the globalization of the LNG sector and its influence on global gas markets, demonstrating the potential of GPN (and related frameworks) to contribute meaningful analysis of the contemporary political economy of energy. Conceptually the paper pushes research on GPN to realize more fully its potential as an analysis of network territoriality: by examining how the spatial configuration of global production networks emerges from the organizationalstructures and coordinating strategies of firms, extra-economic actors and intermediaries; and by recognizing how network territoriality is constitutive of markets rather than merely responsive to them.